Irish Monks Nuns and Other Clerics During the Medieval Period Were Famous for What Form of Art

Distinctive set up of garments worn by members of a religious order

A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing worn by members of a religious social club. Traditionally some plain garb recognizable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic and anchoritic life, although in their case without conformity to a particular compatible mode.

Uniformity and distinctiveness by gild often evolved and changed over fourth dimension. Estimation of terms for dress in religious rules could change over centuries. Furthermore, every time new communities gained importance in a cultural area the demand for visual separation increased for new as well as old communities. Thus, modern habits are rooted in historic forms, but practise not necessarily resemble them in cutting, colour, material, detail or use.

In Christian monastic orders of the Cosmic, Lutheran and Anglican Churches, the habit often consists of a tunic covered by a scapular and cowl, with a hood for monks or friars and a veil for nuns; in apostolic orders it may be a distinctive class of cassock for men, or a distinctive habit and veil for women. Catholic Catechism Law requires only that the garb of their members be in some style identifiable so that the person may serve as a witness of the Evangelical counsels.

In many orders, the conclusion of postulancy and the start of the novitiate is marked by a ceremony, in which the new novice is accepted as a novice then clothed in the community'south habit by the superior. In some cases the novice's habit will exist somewhat dissimilar from the customary habit: for instance, in sure orders of women that use the veil, information technology is common for novices to wearable a white veil while professed members habiliment blackness, or if the guild more often than not wears white, the novice wears a grey veil. Among some Franciscan communities of men, novices habiliment a sort of overshirt over their tunic; Carthusian novices wearable a black cloak over their white addiction.

Buddhism [edit]

Kāṣāya (Sanskrit: काषाय kāṣāya; Pali: kasāva; Chinese: 袈裟 ; pinyin: jiāshā; Cantonese Jyutping: gaa¹saaⁱ ; Japanese: 袈裟 kesa ; Korean: 袈裟 가사 gasa ; Vietnamese: cà-sa), "chougu" (Tibetan) are the robes of Buddhist monks and nuns, named later a dark-brown or saffron dye. In Sanskrit and Pali, these robes are too given the more general term cīvara, which references the robes without regard to color.

Origin and structure [edit]

An early representation of the Buddha wearing kāṣāya robes, in the Hellenistic manner.

Buddhist kāṣāya are said to have originated in India as ready of robes for the devotees of Gautama Buddha. A notable variant has a design reminiscent of an Asian rice field. Original kāṣāya were constructed of discarded fabric. These were stitched together to form iii rectangular pieces of cloth, which were and then fitted over the body in a specific manner. The three main pieces of cloth are the antarvāsa, the uttarāsaṅga, and the saṃghāti .^[1] Together they form the "triple robe," or tricīvara. The tricīvara is described more fully in the Theravāda Vinaya (Vin 1:94 289).

Uttarāsaṅga [edit]

A robe covering the upper trunk. It is worn over the undergarment, or antarvāsa. In representations of the Buddha, the uttarāsaṅga rarely appears every bit the uppermost garment, since it is often covered by the outer robe, or saṃghāti.

Saṃghāti [edit]

The saṃghāti is an outer robe used for various occasions. It comes over the upper robe ( uttarāsaṅga ), and the undergarment (antarvāsa). In representations of the Buddha, the saṃghāti is usually the most visible garment, with the undergarment or uttarāsaṅga protruding at the bottom. It is quite similar in shape to the Greek himation, and its shape and folds have been treated in Greek manner in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra.

Additions [edit]

Other items that may take been worn with the triple robe were:

• a waist material, the kushalaka
• a buckled belt, the samakaksika

Indian depiction of the Buddha wearing red robes. Sanskrit manuscript. Nālandā, Bihar, India. Pāla menses.

Kāṣāya in Indian Buddhism [edit]

In Republic of india, variations of the kāṣāya robe distinguished dissimilar types of monastics. These represented the unlike schools that they belonged to, and their robes ranged widely from blood-red and ochre, to blueish and black.^[two]

Between 148 and 170 CE, the Parthian monk An Shigao came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí (Ch. 大比丘三千威儀).^[3] Another text translated at a later engagement, the Śariputraparipṛcchā, contains a very like passage corroborating this information, but the colors for the Sarvāstivāda and Dharmaguptaka sects are reversed.^{[iv] [5]}

Nikāya	Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí	Śariputraparipṛcchā
Sarvāstivāda	Deep Crimson	Black
Dharmaguptaka	Blackness	Deep Crimson
Mahāsāṃghika	Yellow	Yellowish
Mahīśāsaka	Blue	Blueish
Kaśyapīya	Magnolia	Magnolia

In traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, which follow the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of the Mūlasarvāstivādins.^[vi]

Co-ordinate to Dudjom Rinpoche from the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the robes of fully ordained Mahāsāṃghika monastics were to exist sewn out of more 7 sections, only no more than than xx-3 sections.^[7] The symbols sewn on the robes were the endless knot (Skt. śrīvatsa) and the conch crush (Skt. śaṅkha), ii of the Eight Cheering Signs in Buddhism.^[eight]

Jiāshā in Chinese Buddhism [edit]

In Chinese Buddhism, the kāṣāya is called gāsā (Ch. 袈裟). During the early catamenia of Chinese Buddhism, the most common color was red. Later, the color of the robes came to serve as a way to distinguish monastics, just as they did in India. However, the colors of a Chinese Buddhist monastic'south robes oftentimes corresponded to their geographical region rather than to any specific schools.^[9] By the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, simply the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was notwithstanding in use, and therefore the color of robes served no useful purpose as a designation for sects, the mode that it had in India.

Kesa in Japanese Buddhism [edit]

Japanese Buddhist Priest's mantle ( kesa ), 1775–1825, LACMA cloth collections

In Japanese Buddhism, the kāṣāya is known equally the kesa ( 袈裟 ). In Japan, during the Edo and Meiji periods, kesa were sometimes pieced together from the theatrical kimono used in Noh theatre.

Christianity [edit]

Roman Catholicism [edit]

Pope John Paul II in his mail-apostolic Exhortation Vita consecrata (1996) says concerning the religious habit of consecrated persons:

§25 … The Church must e'er seek to make her presence visible in everyday life, especially in contemporary civilisation, which is often very secularized and even so sensitive to the language of signs. In this regard the Church building has a right to expect a significant contribution from consecrated persons, called every bit they are in every situation to deport clear witness that they belong to Christ.
Since the habit is a sign of induction, poverty and membership in a particular Religious family, I join the Fathers of the Synod in strongly recommending to men and women religious that they wear their proper addiction, suitably adjusted to the conditions of fourth dimension and identify.
Where valid reasons of their apostolate call for it, Religious, in conformity with the norms of their Constitute, may also wearing apparel in a simple and modest manner, with an appropriate symbol, in such a way that their induction is recognizable.
Institutes which from their origin or by provision of their Constitutions practise not take a specific habit should ensure that the dress of their members corresponds in nobility and simplicity to the nature of their vocation.

Nuns [edit]

The religious habits of Roman Catholic nuns typically consist of the post-obit elements:

• Tunic: This is the central piece of the addiction. It is a loose dress made of serge fabric pleated at the neck and draping to the basis. It tin be worn pinned upwardly in the forepart or in the dorsum to allow the nun to work.
• Scapular: This symbolic apron hangs from both forepart and back; it is worn over the tunic, and Benedictine nuns as well wear it over the belt, whereas another orders clothing it tied under the belt.
• Cincture: The addiction is often secured around the waist with a belt of leather, wool or a lanyard. The cincture of the Franciscan orders has three (or four) knots standing for the vows.
• Coif: This is the garment's headpiece and includes the white cotton wool cap secured by a bandeau and a white wimple (to cover the neck and cheeks) and guimpe (to comprehend the chest, like to a brusque cape) of starched linen, cotton, or (today) polyester. It is sometimes covered by a thin layer of black crêpe.
• Veil: This chemical element is worn pinned over the coif caput coverings. Some veils tin be worn down to cover the face up or up to expose it. The veil sometimes includes a white underveil besides. The colour of the veil depends as well from the habit of the order and the condition of the sister or nun (novices or postulants habiliment differently coloured veils than the professed sisters and nuns).

The coif and veil were common items of clothing for married women in medieval Europe.^{[ citation needed ]}

Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have inverse over time.

Sisters [edit]

Sisters^[ten] of the Daughters of Mary in traditional habit.

This section needs expansion. Yous can help by calculation to it. (February 2021)

The religious habit of Roman Catholic sisters sometimes consists of a evidently dress and a veil. Different orders attach to dissimilar styles of dress; these styles take changed over time. For example, in one-time times, the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul wore a cornette instead of a veil. Some congregations decided in the course of changes due the ecclesiastical document Perfectae caritatis to simplify their habits, to conform to the attire of the civilization they are working in, or to even drop their use at all.

The Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Eye article of clothing a habit including cincture, rosary, scapular, and veil.^[11] The Dominican Sisters of Mary Immaculate Province clothing a addiction consisting of tunic, belt, rosary, scapular, veil, and cappa or mantle.^[12]

Monks [edit]

Carthusian monks of the Chartreuse de Portes

Monks in the Roman Catholic church wear a tunic, a cincture, a hooded scapular, and, for the Liturgy of the Hours, a curtain (novices) or a cowl (professed monks).^{[ citation needed ]}

Friars [edit]

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Canons regular [edit]

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Attributable to the different traditions and origins that exist, at that place is no singular common addiction worn by the Canons Regular. Historically the common habit was the distinctive white cassock, with white fascia, over time some communities of Canons have changed to wearing the black cassock with black fascia. The just item of the habit that is common to all Canons is the linen rochet a marking of the canonical condition. Some communities of canons, notably in Austria and Switzerland habiliment a sarotium, coming from the Latin sacrum rochettum, "the sacred rochet". It is a sparse band of linen worn over the cassock when not in choir. Every bit part of their choir dress, some communities of Canons wear a mozzetta, either black or purple over the rochet. Outdoors Canons vesture a blackness cloak and hood, but once again adaptations have been made to this in some of the communities. Canons also traditionally wore a biretta.

Clergy [edit]

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Commonly, secular priests wear either a black cassock or an ordinary men'due south garb in black or another dark color along with a white clerical collar. White cassocks or dress may be worn in hot climates. Too, a ferraiolo (a kind of cope) could be worn along with the cassock. Priests as well traditionally wore a biretta along with the cassock.

Deacons, priests, and bishops belonging to religious institutes wear the habit of that institute.

Gallery [edit]

• 

  The religious addiction of the Sisters of the Skillful Shepherd (and also of the Sisters from the Order of Our Lady of Charity) is white, with a white scapular, a black veil and a big silver heart on the breast.

• 

  The religious habit of the Sisters of Mary Reparatrix is white, with a blue scapular, a white and blue veil and a big golden eye on the breast.

• 

  The religious habit of the Benedictines is blackness (the style varies depending upon the monastery).

• 

• 

  The religious addiction of the Dominicans is blackness and white.

• 

  The religious addiction of the Trinitarian Order is white with a distinctive cross with a bluish horizontal bar and a red vertical bar.

• 

  Oratorians wear roughly the same vestments as parish priests. The distinctive Oratorian clerical collar consists of white cloth that folds over the collar all effectually the neck.

• 

  The religious habit of a Minims friar. It consists of a black tunic, a scapular with a capuche and a blackness cincture with four knots (four vows).

Lutheranism [edit]

In Lutheranism, various religious orders have a habit of a different color. The Daughters of Mary wearable a blueish habit.^[13]

Anglicanism [edit]

Eastern Orthodoxy [edit]

The Analavos, worn by Orthodox monks and nuns of the Great Schema.

The Eastern Orthodox Church building does not have distinct religious orders such as those in the Catholic Church. The habit (Greek: Σχήμα, Schēma) is essentially the same throughout the earth. The normal monastic color is black, symbolic of repentance and simplicity. The habits of monks and nuns are identical; additionally, nuns wear a scarf, called an apostolnik. The addiction is bestowed in degrees, as the monk or nun advances in the spiritual life. There are iii degrees: (ane) the beginner, known equally the Rassaphore ("robe bearer") (2) the intermediate, known as the Stavrophore ("cross bearer"), and (3) the Dandy Schema worn by Dandy Schema Monks or Nuns. Merely the last, the Schemamonk or Schemanun, the monastic of the highest degree, wears the full habit.

The addiction is formally bestowed upon monks and nuns at the anniversary known as the tonsure (Gr. κουρά). The parts of the Eastern Orthodox addiction are:

• Inner Rason (Greek: Έσώρασον, Ζωστικὸν or Ἀντερί, Esórason; Slavonic: Podryásnik): The inner rason (cassock) is the innermost garment. It is a long, collared garment coming to the anxiety, with narrow, tapered sleeves. Dissimilar the Roman cassock, it is double-breasted. The inner rason is the bones garment and is worn at all times, fifty-fifty when working. It is often given to novices and seminarians, though this differs from community to community. The inner rason is besides worn by chanters, readers, and the married clergy. For monks and nuns, it symbolizes the vow of poverty.
• Belt (Greek: Ζώνη, Zone; Slavonic: Poyas): The belt worn by Orthodox monks and nuns is unremarkably leather, though sometimes information technology is of cloth. In the Russian tradition, married clergy, too every bit the higher monastic clergy, may wear a cloth belt that is finely embroidered, especially on feast days. The belt is symbolic of the vow of chastity.
• Paramand (Greek: Παραμανδύας, Paramandýas; Slavonic: Paraman): The Paramand is a piece of cloth, approximately 5 inches square which is attached past ribbons to a wooden cross. The cloth is embroidered with a cross and the Instruments of the Passion. The wooden cross is worn over the chest, and so the ribbons pass over and under the arms, similar a yoke, and concur the foursquare material centered on the dorsum. The paramand is symbolic of the yoke of Christ (Matthew xi:29–thirty).
• Outer Rason (a.one thousand.a. riasa, Greek: εξώρασον, exorason or just ράσο, raso; Slavonic: ryasa): Among the Greeks it is worn by readers and all higher clerics; among the Russians it is worn merely by monks, deacons, priests, and bishops.
• Analavos (Greek: Άνάλαβος; Slavonic: Analav): The distinctive dress of the Great Schema is the analavos, and information technology is worn but past Schemamonks and Schemanuns. Traditionally made of either leather or wool, the analavos covers the shoulders, and then comes down in the front and dorsum, forming a cantankerous (see illustration, above right).
• Polystavrion (Greek: Πολυσταύριον, lit. "many crosses"): The polystavrion is a long string that has been plaited with numerous crosses forming a yoke that is worn over the analavos to hold it in identify.
• Curtain (Greek: Μανδύας, Mandías; Slavonic: Mantíya): The Mantle is a long, total cape, joined at the neck which the monastic wears over the other parts of the habit.

• Kalymafki (a.k.a. Kalimavkion, Greek: καλυμαύκι; Slavonic: klobuk): The distinctive headdress of Eastern Orthodox monks and nuns is the kalymafki, a stiffened hat, something similar a fez, only black and with straight sides, covered with a veil. The veil has lappets which hang downwards on each side of the head and a stylized hood falling down the dorsum. For monastics of the Smashing Schema, the kalymafki takes a very distinctive shape, known as a koukoulion (cowl), and is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion. The koukoulion is besides worn by the Patriarchs of several local churches, regardless of whether or not he has been tonsured to that degree. In the Slavic tradition, the koukoulion will be in the form of a fabric hood, like to that worn on the Western cowl. Exterior church building, monastics article of clothing a soft hat known equally a Skufia. Again, for Schemamonks and Schemanuns it is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion.

The portions of the habit worn by the various degrees of monastics is equally follows:

Rasophore	Stavrophore	Peachy Schema
Inner Rason	Inner Rason	Inner Rason
Belt	Belt	Belt
	Paramand	Paramand
Outer Rason	Outer Rason	Outer Rason
		Analavos
	Mantle (Russian use only)	Mantle
		Polystavrion
Kalymafki	Kalymafki	Koukoulion

Gallery [edit]

• 

• 

  Monk at the Mount Athos, 1850s

Hinduism [edit]

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Islam [edit]

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Jainism [edit]

Female ascetics and Svetambara male monks always article of clothing un-stitched or minimally stitched white apparel. Digambara Jain monks do non wear apparel. A loin cloth which reaches up to the shins is called a Cholapattak. Another material to comprehend the upper part of the torso is chosen Pangarani (Uttariya Vastra). A cloth that passes over the left shoulder and covers the body up to a fiddling above the ankle is called a Kïmli. Kïmli is a woolen shawl. They likewise carry a woolen bed canvass and a woolen mat to sit on. Those who article of clothing clothes have a muhapati, which is a square or rectangular piece of material of a prescribed measurement, either in their hand or tied on their face up roofing the mouth. Svetambara ascetics have an Ogho or Rajoharan (a broom of woolen threads) to clean insects around their sitting place or while they are walking. Digambara ascetics have a Morpichhi and a Kamandal in their hands. This do may vary amidst unlike sects of Jains but essential principle remains the aforementioned to limit needs.

Judaism [edit]

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Shinto [edit]

In Japan, various types of very traditional apparel are worn past Shinto priests, frequently dating to styles worn by nobles during the Nara menstruum or Heian catamenia.

• Hakama ( 袴 ) - a blazon of traditional Japanese clothing, originally worn simply by men, but today they are worn past both sexes. There are two types, divided umanori ( 馬乗り , "equus caballus-riding hakama") and undivided andon bakama ( 行灯袴 , "lantern hakama"). The umanori type take divided legs, like to trousers, but both types appear similar. Hakama are tied at the waist and fall approximately to the ankles, and are worn over a kimono (hakamashita), with the kimono and then actualization similar a shirt.
• Jōe ( 浄衣 ) is a garment worn in Nihon by people attending religious ceremonies and activities, including Buddhist and Shinto related occasions. Not but Shinto and Buddhist priests tin can be establish wearing Jōe at rituals, but laymen besides, for example when participating in pilgrimage such as the Shikoku Pilgrimage. The garment is usually white or yellowish and is made of linen or silk depending on its kind and use. The Shinto priest who wears the jōe is attired in a peaked cap called tate-eboshi, an outer tunic called the jōe proper, an outer robe called jōe no sodegukuri no o, an undergarment called hitoe, ballooning trousers chosen sashinuki or nubakama, and a girdle called jōe no ate-obi.

Run into also [edit]

• Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism
• Tonsure
• Religious apparel
• Zucchetto

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Kieschnick, John. The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Fabric Civilisation. Princeton Academy Press, Oxfordshire, 2003. p. ninety.
2. ^ Kieschnick, John. The Touch of Buddhism on Chinese Fabric Civilization. Princeton University Printing, Oxfordshire, 2003. p. 89.
3. ^ Hino, Shoun. Three Mountains and Seven Rivers. 2004. p. 55
4. ^ Hino, Shoun. 3 Mountains and 7 Rivers. 2004. pp. 55-56
5. ^ Sujato, Bhante (2012), Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools, Santipada, p. i, ISBN9781921842085
6. ^ Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa. Nobility and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns. 2010. p. 266
7. ^ Dudjom Rinpoche Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows. 1999. p. 16
8. ^ Dudjom Rinpoche Perfect Carry: Ascertaining the Iii Vows. 1999. p. 16
9. ^ Kieschnick, John. The Bear on of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. Princeton University Printing, Oxfordshire, 2003. p. 89.
10. ^ "New Host Machines". world wide web.daughtersofmary.net . Retrieved 2021-02-08 .
11. ^ "Receive the Holy Habit of Carmel | Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Center of Los Angeles". Retrieved 2021-02-08 .
12. ^ "Our Religious Habit". Dominican Sisters . Retrieved 2021-02-08 .
13. ^ DuBois, Thomas A. (12 Dec 2017). Sacred to the Touch: Nordic and Baltic Religious Woods Carving. University of Washington Press. p. 90. ISBN978-0-295-74242-7.

Further reading [edit]

• Sally Dwyer-McNulty, Common Threads: A Cultural History of Habiliment in American Catholicism. Chapel Loma, NC: University of Due north Carolina Press, 2014.

External links [edit]

• New Catholic Dictionary
• Images of medieval monks and nuns in the dress of their Orders. (Public Domain images and text.)
• Many photographs of nuns and sisters in the wearing apparel of their respective orders.
• Cosmic Sisters International Collection, University of Dayton Special Collections (Photographs of reproductions of over 130 religious habits)

josephbrombsood.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_habit

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